2023-2024年越南非法捕捞活动持续威胁区域海上安全

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2025-05-22 | 王腾飞
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从2020年开始追踪以来,越南在南海的非法捕捞及侵渔活动始终未能有效缓解,至今仍困扰周边国家,对相关国家及区域海上安全稳定构成威胁。根据船舶自动识别系统(AIS)的不完全统计,2023年和2024年越南渔船在南海的活动数量较往年不断攀升,特别是在2024年全年平均每月超过14700余艘,在2024年7月达到18193艘之多,该数字达到历年之最。

根据网络公开资料不完全统计,2023年至2024年,越南与马来西亚、印尼和泰国之间至少发生43起渔业冲突事件,其中71艘越南渔船和532名越南渔民被扣(详见附件)。此外,越南还曾多次与柬埔寨、菲律宾和中国发生渔业冲突,期间不乏渔船被扣押、人员受伤等事件。 

数据来源:南海战略态势感知计划

 

一、越南与印尼渔业冲突

虽然2022年12月越南和印尼宣布完成“专属经济区”划界谈判,但并未缓解两国间的渔业紧张形势。2023年越南非法捕捞依然猖獗,双方发生至少6起抓扣事件,共计有8艘渔船和112名越南渔民被抓;【1】2024年较往年有所减少,但仍至少发生3起冲突事件,共有5艘越南渔船、47名渔民被抓。(详见附件1)

表面来看,近两年来越南与印尼渔业冲突程度相对有所下降,但事实上在印尼主张海域非法捕鱼的越南渔船数量并未减少(见下图)。其冲突事件下降的主要原因在于:一是由于近年来印尼缺乏巡逻船和预算等各种限制,其巡逻强度和协同作用较此前有所下降;二是由于考虑到环境、成本、外交等因素,印尼改变了此前“炸船”政策,一定程度上缓解了双方冲突程度;【2】三是双方加强了协调合作,根据2024年年初印尼与越南达成的新协议,双方将加强对各自渔民的监管,而印尼不再逮捕进入纳土纳海域的越南渔民,只是将其驱逐。【3】

2021年3月至2024年4月使用AIS和卫星图像检测到的“北纳土纳海非争议区”发现的越南渔船数量趋势。(来源:印尼海洋正义倡议组织)

 

二、越南与马来西亚渔业冲突

根据公开数据统计,在沿岸国中,属越南与马来西亚渔业冲突最为激烈。2023年,马越双方发生11起渔业冲突事件,共有22艘越南渔船和247名越南渔民被马来西亚抓扣,另有4艘被击沉;2024年越马至少发生14起渔业抓扣事件,共有20艘越南渔船、156名越南渔民被抓。(详见附件2)2019年5月以来,马来西亚启动多部门联合的“纳加行动”(Op Naga),重点打击海上非法渔船。据马来西亚透露,该行动开始至2024年9月,共有598艘外国渔船中被扣留,其中451艘为越南渔船,涉及越南渔民4391名,缴获财物价值超过1.9亿令吉。【4】

 

三、越南与泰国的渔业冲突

泰国亦深受越南非法捕捞渔船活动影响和困扰。据不完全统计,2020年至2024年,泰国与越南之间至少发生13起渔业抓扣事件,逮捕越南渔船达23艘,扣押越南渔民至少210人。【5】其中,2023年泰国与越南至少发生6起渔业抓扣事件,泰国共扣押越南渔船6艘,渔民32人。【6】2024年泰国与越南至少发生3起冲突事件,泰国抓扣越南渔船8艘、渔民38人。(详见附件3)据泰方透露,大量越南非法渔船在抓扣过程中经常冲撞泰国执法船,并成功逃离现场。2023年11月10日,泰国与越南签署打击IUU 捕捞谅解备忘录,但此举并未遏制两国间的渔业冲突。

此外,越南还与柬埔寨、菲律宾、中国等国家也经常发生类似海上渔业纠纷及冲突事件。特别是与中国方面,越南渔船在中国海南、广西和广东近海以及西沙群岛附近海域保持大量存在,除了开展非法捕捞,其中大多还肩负刺探军事机密任务。【7】为此,中国海上执法力量也曾多次依法抓扣和驱赶越南非法渔船,但越南方面不仅未能反思并停止侵渔活动,反而会倒打一耙,借机炒作,抹黑中国,博取同情。如2023年8月28日,中国海警船在西沙群岛附近向一艘越南侵渔渔船(QNg-90495 TS)发射水炮予以驱离,越南及美西方媒体大肆抹黑中国海警“暴力执法”“以大欺小”。【8】2024年9月29日,越南渔船未经中国政府许可,在西沙群岛海域非法捕鱼,中国有关部门依法采取制止措施,越南方面则借此炒作。【9】

事实上,在整个东南亚海域,IUU捕捞一直都是一个严重且棘手的问题,菲律宾(2014年6月)、泰国(2015年4月)和越南(2017年10月)三国均收到过欧盟的“黄牌”,柬埔寨(2014年3月)甚至收到了“红牌”,但是目前泰国(2019年)和菲律宾(2015年)已成功解除“黄牌”,而如今8年时间快过去了,尽管越南在部分措施上取得了进展,但如何根治渔船在他国海域非法捕鱼的问题,仍然是越南需要解决的核心难题,这也正是欧盟迟迟未解除越南“黄牌”的主要原因所在。

近年来,在欧盟“黄牌”压力下,越南出台了多项整改措施,但实际成效远未达到其宣传预期,IUU捕捞活动依然猖獗,甚至呈加剧趋势。这一现象不仅折射出南海传统渔场资源萎缩与区域竞争加剧的矛盾,也暴露了经济利益驱动与越南治理能力不足的局限性,更反映出越南政府鼓励侵渔以推行南海主张的政策依然未见改变。同时,欧盟针对越南的IUU捕捞“黄牌”警告一再延长,也从侧面反映了越南IUU捕捞及其引发侵渔活动问题的长期性、系统性和顽固性,其背后始终有着一系列根深蒂固、难以变革的动因在推波助澜。

然而,面对南海渔业资源日益枯竭的现实,已无法继续听之任之。为了推动南海渔业资源的可持续发展,越南有必要对现行的渔业补贴政策进行全面反思,取消那些无助于资源保护、甚至可能鼓励非法捕捞的补贴措施。同时,应摒弃“以渔谋海”的思维模式和基于主权诉求的纵容性政策,完善监管与执法机制,提升渔民的法律意识,从而更好地履行国际义务、保护海洋生态,防止与周边国家之间的渔业摩擦升级。

 

参考文献

 *中国南海研究院海洋法律与政策研究所助理研究员。
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附件 1

附件 2

附件3

 

[1] 2017年印尼政府将位于南海、纳土纳群岛的“北部专属经济区”海域改名为“北纳土纳海”(North Natuna Sea),在其官方更名之前,该海域被国际上普遍视为南海南部海域的一部分,并没有“北纳土纳海”这一称呼。中国并不承认“北纳土纳海”这一名称。
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王腾飞

王腾飞,中国南海研究院海洋法律与政策研究所助理研究员,研究方向为大国关系与国际安全、海洋问题。