美国在加勒比海扣船背后的“混合法律战”

2025年12月以来，美国在加勒比海及北大西洋的国际水域接连登临并扣押7艘与委内瑞拉石油运输、贸易有关的油轮。这次系列封锁应当视为美国自2025年12月起对委内瑞拉海上封锁的延续，但涉及范围与牵连国家数量更广。扣押的7艘油轮中，部分由美国制裁实体控制，部分曾往俄罗斯、伊朗等国运输原油，甚至还有部分油轮与中国存在关联。美国所主张的法律依据综合了国内法与国际法，且同时涉及单边制裁与打击毒品、恐怖主义。如何认识这场由美国在加勒比海发动的“混合法律战”，是我们深入理解美国海上战略的关键所在。

 

一、美军警七次扣船

2025年12月10日，美国海警海上安全与响应小组在靠近委内瑞拉东北部的国际水域登临并扣押了悬挂圭亚那国旗的“船长号”油轮。当时，该船载有约190万桶原油，并从委内瑞拉港口离开不久。【1】这是美国针对与委内瑞拉存在联系的油轮开展的登临、扣押行动的开端。随后的一个多月内，美国海警接连在加勒比海以相似的方式扣押了“世纪号”【2】“索菲亚号”【3】“奥利娜号”【4】“维罗妮卡号”【5】“萨吉塔号”【6】等正在进行或曾经参与委内瑞拉石油运输的非美国籍油轮，并在北大西洋的国际水域经过将近20天的追捕后扣押俄籍“贝拉1号”油轮。【7】

图1 2025年12月11日至2026年1月29日部分油轮航行轨迹

 

这是美国首次以武力使用的方式在国际水域扣押外国籍油轮。此前，美国曾于2020年8月在霍尔木兹海峡附近依据法院签署的扣船令，扣押4艘违反美国对伊朗政府封锁令的外国籍油轮，并查获船上11.6万桶燃料。【8】然而，美国在5年前的行动在两点上区别于去年年末以来的实践：第一，美国在5年前的行动并未动用武力，而是通过向四艘船舶的希腊船东以制裁为由施压，迫使其“自愿”交出船舶；第二，美国如今的扣船行动不仅针对船上石油，更延展至船舶本身。

特朗普在两届任期内采取的差异化手段揭示了此次美国扣船行动的两大特征：

首先，扣船方式以武力胁迫先于法律制裁。就行为模式而言，美国海警与海军陆战队组成联合行动组，以“杰拉德·R·福特号”航母与其他部署在加勒比海的美军军舰为行动基地，追捕、登临、扣押涉事油轮，在北大西洋追捕“贝拉1号”油轮的行动还得到了英国海空军的支持。【9】作为“南方之矛”行动的一部分，美国在此次扣船行动中所采武力的烈度显然高于普通执法活动。从政府声明与公开报道来看，7次扣船行动渐少提及法律依据。迄今为止，针对“船长号”与“贝拉1号”油轮的行动已明确以法院签署的扣押令为执行依据。【10】其中，美国当局仅公布哥伦比亚特区地方法院对“船长号”油轮签署的扣押令内容，但关键部分被遮挡。【11】尽管如此，“武力先行”并不意味着就此抛弃法律。路透社在1月22日的消息表明，美国已就更多与委内瑞拉石油贸易相关的油轮申请扣押令，但程序可能持续数月或数年。【12】这表明，当前的行为模式更近似执行措施先于法律程序进行的“紧急状况”，法律令状在船舶扣押后再作补充。

其次，扣押对象从船上原油扩展至船舶本身。去年12月，特朗普在接连扣押两艘油轮后接受采访时称，美国不仅要把原油留下，也要“将船舶也留下”。【13】南方司令部更在扣押“索菲亚号”油轮后发表声明称，将护送该船进入美国接受“最终处置”（final disposition）。【14】此外，“贝拉1号”与“维罗妮卡号”油轮在扣押时均系未装载石油的空船。相较之下，美国在2020年与2022年的两次扣船行动在形成对货轮的控制后，仅要求船舶到港卸货，未对船舶本身作进一步处理。【15】鉴此，美国的“扣船新政”正在将船舶本身纳入执行对象，旨在对所谓“影子舰队”船舶的船东产生更大威慑。与此同时，执行对象还有进一步扩大至船上人员的可能。目前，涉事船舶的船员可能面临多重刑事诉讼的风险。“贝拉1号”事件过后，白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特称船上人员将因船舶系无国籍船而面临刑事诉讼，【16】司法部长帕姆·邦迪则进一步指出船员或因未服从指令而被起诉。【17】尽管美国在“船长号”与“贝拉1号”油轮事件发生后，分别作出释放全部或部分船员的承诺，【18】但公开信息表明这些承诺实际没有得到执行。【19】

值得注意的是，一些在此次行动中被美国当局扣押的油轮与中国也存在关联。“世纪号”油轮被扣押时据称正向总部位于中国的一家“知名石油贸易商”运输委内瑞拉石油，且多次行经中委石油运输线；【20】“奥利娜号”与“萨吉塔号”油轮的所有者分别是总部位于香港的Tantye Peur Limited和Sunne Co. Limited；【21】“维罗妮卡号”油轮上则疑似有中国籍船员，目前尚不清楚是否已被释放。【22】

 

二、滥用武力背后的“混合法律战”

从法律层面来看，美国这一系列的扣船行动采取“混合法律战”的模式。具体来说，其混合属性主要体现在两点：

第一，美国混合使用国际法与国内法规则，为其抓扣行动提供正当性依据。尽管特朗普在其“逮捕”马杜罗夫妇后称其“不需要国际法”，【23】美国此番7次扣船行动的正当性仍在很大程度上建立在国际法规则之上。事实上，美国所主张的法律依据包括《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称“《公约》”）与其他双边协定。美国有观点认为，得益于美国与巴拿马签署的、“常用于缉毒行动的”双边安排，对巴拿马籍油轮的登临、扣押行动通常得到巴拿马的事先许可；对非巴拿马籍油轮的行动则基于《公约》允许军舰在公海上检查船舶是否在其船旗国注册,【24】并对无国籍船“执行美国法律”。【25】

此次事件中，“世纪号”“索菲亚号”“萨吉塔号”油轮曾经悬挂或在被捕时仍然悬挂巴拿马国旗，但两国达成的有关登临的双边安排却无法一概适用于上述船舶。第一，巴拿马当局于“索菲亚号”油轮被捕后的1月8日发表声明称，该船已在2025年1月23日被取消在巴拿马的登记注册。【26】换言之，“索菲亚号”油轮在被扣押时或为无国籍船，或为其他国籍的船舶，但已绝非巴拿马籍。对此，美国与巴拿马的双边协定不应适用，巴拿马更没有资格授权美国对该船行使管辖权。对此情形，美国对“索菲亚号”油轮的行动在国际法上仅得适用军舰在公海上对无国籍船所享有的登临权。第二，巴拿马当局表示“世纪号”油轮违反该国海事规则，但并未撤销其国籍。【27】白宫副新闻秘书安娜·凯莉则称该船悬挂“虚假国旗”。【28】基于“虚假国籍”的指控，美国或否认该船在巴拿马存在有效登记，或质疑该船的巴拿马国籍并非真实有效，其行动的国际法依据显然不能基于巴拿马作为“不适格的”船旗国的授权，而是再次回到公海上的登临权。第三，“萨吉塔号”油轮的国籍状态缺乏明确指示。权威海事数据库Equasis将该船的国籍信息记录为“Panama False”，而巴拿马与美国均未对该船国籍作出评论。鉴此，此次扣押行动的执法依据尚不明晰。简言之，前述观点对美国此次扣船行动所主张的国际法依据并非尽数站得住脚，美国与巴拿马的登船协定在多数情况下缺少适用可能。事实上，美国可以依据的国际法规则仍是军舰在公海上对无国籍船的登临权。问题在于，公海上的登临权通常不允许军舰采取除登临、检查和搜索以外，包括没收船上货物和船舶在内的任何执行措施。【29】

为了弥补执行管辖权的空缺，美国转而诉诸其国内法。哥伦比亚特区地方法院在“船长号”事件签署的扣押令中指出，此次行动的法律依据涉及《美国法典》中的“民事没收”条款与“反恐怖主义”规则。实体法层面，18 U.S.C. 2332规制涉及发生在美国境内外的“跨国界的恐怖主义犯罪”，其(b)(g)(5)款对“联邦恐怖主义犯罪”的定义包括该法2339(B)条所涉及的“向恐怖组织提供物质支持”的行为；【30】18 U.S.C. 2339(B)(a)(1)指出，向美国国务院根据《移民和国籍法》与《对外关系授权法》所指定的恐怖组织提供物质支持或资源的行为系“联邦恐怖主义犯罪”，【31】而马杜罗领导的所谓“太阳集团”已在2025年11月24日根据《移民和国籍法》列入“外国恐怖组织”名单。【32】程序法层面，18 U.S.C. 981(a)划定可被没收的财产范围，其(g)(i)款允许美国没收参与策划或实施联邦恐怖主义犯罪的个人或实体所有境内外资产。【33】该条(b)款进一步述明此类没收活动所需遵守的程序规则：扣押行动在原则上应当依据法院签署的扣押令进行，例外情况下允许在没有扣押令的情形下采取行动，包括1）已向地区法院提起没收诉讼，并由法院根据《关于某些海事索赔的补充规则》签发对物扣押令；2）有合理理由相信相关财产可被没收，且扣押行为是基于合法的逮捕或搜查产生。【34】扣押令所主张的美国国内法依据是毒品恐怖主义规则，其适用情形无关乎船舶的国籍。此外，该法并未许可对船上人员拘留、起诉。如船舶并非无国籍船，那么对船舶及船上人员行使管辖权应当经过船旗国的授权；如船舶系无国籍船，那么美国国内司法实践与代表其海上执法实践的《美国海上行动法指挥官手册》均表明，即便公海上无国籍船的行为与美国国内缺乏任何联系，美国仍可对船舶采取必要的行动并且起诉船员。【35】这种观点反映了美国的国内观点普遍认为各国对公海上的无国籍船享有普遍管辖权，可以行使执行管辖权。

第二，美国在国内法上混合使用单边制裁规则与打击恐怖主义及毒品规则，拓展其域外执行的法律依据。单边制裁方面，美国所主张的依据可以分为两类：一是美国外国资产控制办公室对部分涉事油轮围绕伊核问题与俄乌冲突所作的单边制裁；二是特朗普在去年12月宣布对委内瑞拉实施的石油封锁令。除“世纪号”油轮外，其余6艘油轮均被列入外国资产控制办公室的制裁名单。其中，“船长号”油轮的制裁依据是“冻结财产并禁止与实施、威胁实施或支持恐怖主义的人进行交易”行政令，【36】其余6艘油轮均因其与俄罗斯存在关联而受到制裁。【37】需要指出，外国资产控制办公室通常会冻结受制裁的外国资产，但并不当然允许当局扣押或者没收。因此，扣押油轮及船货可能还需以委内瑞拉石油封锁令或其他行政令的违反作为执行依据。由于美国的单边制裁令并未得到联合国安理会根据《联合国宪章》的授权，【38】美国当局强调打击所谓“毒品恐怖主义”可能是希望为其单边制裁措施提供域外适用的可能：一方面，对恐怖主义及贩毒行为在公海上的执法行动或可触发普遍管辖权；另一方面，如上所述，美国国内法也允许没收位于境外的、资助恐怖主义实体的财产。

 

三、对全球海洋法治的威胁

美国在加勒比海与北大西洋的扣船实践遵循三段式的行为模式：首先，否认油轮国籍的有效性或真实性，将其界定为“无国籍船”。其次，依据国际法赋予军舰在公海上的登临权，登临所谓“无国籍船”。最后，在登临船舶后，绕过油轮所主张的船旗国的授权，依据美国国内法行使执行管辖权。这一行动的前提是将委内瑞拉的马杜罗政权定义为“毒品恐怖主义”，从而使得任何运输委内瑞拉石油的油轮均构成资助、协助贩毒与恐怖主义组织。

 

这种行为模式存在若干问题。首先，将运输委内瑞拉石油的行为定义为“协助贩毒”或“向恐怖组织提供资助”是美国此次行动所主张法律依据的核心，但这样的指控显系“欲加之罪，何患无辞”。已经公开的信息表明，美国海警与海军未在扣押的油轮上发现违禁药品，与毒品及恐怖主义的唯一关联是美国将委内瑞拉的马杜罗政权单方面认定为“毒品恐怖主义”。其次，美国对船舶国籍状态的认定存在偏颇。为使扣船行动取得国际法上的合法性，美国在一些情况下以船旗国的注册缺乏真实性为由声称油轮为无国籍船。国际海洋法法庭在“赛加号”与“弗吉尼亚号”案的判决中均指出，虽然《公约》要求船旗国与船舶之间存在“真实联系”，【39】但这不应被理解为船旗国行使保护权利的前提条件，更不应作为其他国家“拒绝承认船舶享有悬挂该国国旗权利”的原因。【40】换言之，国际海洋法的司法实践一般认为“真实联系”应当被理解为船旗国所承担的义务。倘若此项义务没有得到妥善履行，【41】其他国家可以根据《公约》要求提醒船旗国履行，但不得否认船旗国保护本国船舶的权利。最后，美国在国际水域执行国内法，并对所谓“无国籍”油轮行使执行管辖权的做法与一般国际法观点相悖。学界认为，即便被扣船舶是无国籍船，也不应将其视作海盗船从而允许各国在公海上对其行使普遍管辖权。【42】国际海洋法法庭也在“赛加号”案的判决中指出，除毗连区和根据《公约》第60(2)条在专属经济区内建设的人工岛屿、设施和结构以外，沿海国无权在专属经济区的其他海域执行其国内海关法。【43】言下之意，除《公约》授权外，其他各国一般不得在国家管辖海域之外执行本国法律。美国在加勒比海与北大西洋执行本国制裁与法律显然无法得到国际法的支持。

此外，以刑事诉讼威胁被扣船舶的船上人员也面临外交保护的问题。由国际法委员会制定、反映习惯国际法的《外交保护条款草案》指出，船员的国籍国对船员进行外交保护的权利并不为船旗国对船舶专属管辖权所妨碍。【44】在无国籍船的情形下，即便无国籍船本身不享有任何国家的保护，这种船舶的无国籍状态并不否认船员国籍国享有保护船员的权利。

对于美国在加勒比海的扣船行动不应孤立看待，它反映的是部分国家实践对“公海自由”内涵及外延的限缩。美国所谓“南方之矛”行动不仅包括对油轮的扣押，也包括对所谓毒贩的打击。后者采取的武力手段更加激烈，在未经识别或审判的情况下，在国际水域使用武力杀害多人。此外，美国军舰在国际水域登临外国籍船舶并擅自处理船上货物的行为更加常见。上述实践所采取的行为手段或处在国际法的“灰色地带”，或以完全违反国际法的手段展开，均构成对全球海洋法治的严峻挑战。当海上强权凭借武力将国际海域变为本国的“行刑场”，这种“暴力威胁”绝不仅仅影响任何个别国家，而是侵蚀国际社会的共同利益。

注：

i “船长号”油轮曾名为“阿迪萨”号，注册在位于马绍尔群岛的Triton Navigation Corp.公司名下，但由尼日利亚的Thomarose Global Ventures Ltd.公司管理，被怀疑是参与伊朗石油“走私”和规避制裁的“影子船队”成员。详见：What we know about The Skipper, the oil tanker seized by the U.S. near Venezuela, <https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-we-know-oil-tanker-the-skipper-seized-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

ii 该船原先悬挂圭亚那国旗，但圭亚那称该船并未在其国内注册，并通知国际海事组织该船已从登记名单中除名。详见：Oil tanker seized by US near Venezuela was falsely flying Guyana flag, government says, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/oil-tanker-seized-by-us-near-vene..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

iii Supertanker Skipper seized by US near Venezuela is heading to Houston, sources say, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/supertanker-skipper-seized-by-us..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

iv 特朗普在12月23日的采访中表示，美国“也将留下船只（复数）”。彼时，“船长号”与“世纪号”油轮已被扣押，且均滞留在德克萨斯州加尔维斯敦港附近海域。特朗普采访见：Trump says US will keep or sell oil seized from Venezuela, <https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87lnn09yj8o>, last accessed 30 January 2026；“船长号”油轮扣押位置见：US pursuing third oil tanker near Venezuela, officials say, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-intercepts-another-vessel-near..., last accessed 30 January 2026；“世纪号”油轮扣押位置见Marine Traffic提供的AIS信号位置图：<https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:211433/mmsi:37..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

v 释放船员见：Estados Unidos prevé liberar a la tripulación del buque petrolero incautado cerca de Venezuela, <https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/estados-unidos-preve-liberar-a-la-t..., last accessed 25 January 2026; 马杜罗演讲见：Venezuela denounces Trump's order for ship blockade as 'warmongering threats', <https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gej5ezyypo>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

vi Marines, Coast Guard Seize Tanker Olina in Caribbean, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/09/marines-coast-guard-seize-tanker-olina-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

vii U.S. Unseals Warrant for Tanker Seized by Coast Guard Off the Coast of Venezuela, <https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/us-unseals-warrant-tanker-seized-coas..., last accessed 25 January 2026

viii 哥伦比亚特区地方法院公开的扣押令中，关于“船长号”油轮参与或协助恐怖主义活动部分的论述被隐去，未予公开。详见：IN THE MATTER OF THE SEIZURE OF THE M/T SKIPPER WITH INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION NUMBER 9304667, <https://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/25sz50.pdf>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

ix “世纪号”油轮被指在被捕获的当时向总部位于中国的“知名石油贸易商”运输委内瑞拉石油，此前多次往返委内瑞拉与中国。China says US seizure of ships 'serious violation' of international law, <https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-says-us-seizure-ships-serious-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

x 由于缺乏法律令状的支持，船上货物是否已经扣押没收，或从船上卸下尚无明确结论。目前，公开信息仅有特朗普在12月23日采访中笼统地谈及美国将如何处理所涉船舶运载的石油。

xi Exclusive: US intercepts oil tanker off Venezuelan coast, officials say, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-interdicting-sanctioned-vessel..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

xii U.S. Coast Guard Pursues Oil Tanker Linked to Venezuela, <https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/21/us/politics/us-coast-guard-venezuela-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xiii “贝拉1号”油轮曾与土耳其的Louis Marine船运公司关联，但有消息称该船现被克里米亚商人Ilya Bugay的俄罗斯公司Burevestmarin 控制。该船曾于2024年因其与真主党的联系而被列入制裁名单，理由是与“外国恐怖组织”存在联系。与Louis Marine关联与与真主党联系见：Crew paints Russian flag on Iran-linked tanker pursued by US, <https://www.euronews.com/2025/12/31/crew-paints-russian-flag-on-iran-lin..., last accessed 30 January 2026；克里米亚商人拥有该船见：Owner of seized Russian oil tanker revealed to be entrepreneur from annexed Crimea, <https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2026/01/08/owner-of-seized-russian-oil-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xiv 该船在去年12月悬挂圭亚那国旗，但在今年1月躲避美国海警追捕时改变船名为“水手号”（MT Marinera），并在船身涂上俄罗斯国旗。俄罗斯称该船在2025年12月就拥有悬挂俄罗斯国旗的航行许可证明。更换国籍见：US forces attempt to board oil tanker after pursuit across Atlantic, <https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7v0deypjl4o>, last accessed 30 January 2026; 该船享有俄罗斯开具的航行许可证明见：Минтранс России подтвердил задержание судна «Маринэра» ВМС США, <https://www.forbes.ru/society/553297-mintrans-rossii-podtverdil-zaderzan..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xv 截止1月21日23:44，Marine Traffic的轨迹图显示“贝拉1号”油轮仍滞留在苏格兰北部水域。28日，Marine Executive的报道表明该船仍在苏格兰。Marine Traffic轨迹图见：<>, last accessed 30 January 2026；28日新闻见：Russian Crewmembers Released from Seized Tanker Held in Scotland, <https://maritime-executive.com/article/russian-crewmembers-released-from..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xvi US says it is intercepting third Venezuelan oil tanker amid simmering tensions, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-22/us-intercepting-third-venezuelan-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xvii 美白宫新闻见：US seizes Russian-flagged tanker in Atlantic as UK confirms it gave support to operation, <https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwynjdqgellt>, last accessed 30 January 2026；美司法部新闻见：Attorney General Pamela Bondi, <https://x.com/AGPamBondi/status/2008965337157451806>, last accessed 30 January 2026；9日新闻见：Moscow says US freed two Russian crew members from seized oil tanker at its request, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/moscow-says-us-freed-two-russian-..., last accessed 30 January 2026；20日新闻见：Russian Crew Members of Seized Oil Tanker Still in U.S. Custody, Lavrov Says, <https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2026/01/20/russian-crew-members-of-seized..., last accessed 30 January 2026；28日新闻见：Russian Crewmembers Released from Seized Tanker Held in Scotland, <https://maritime-executive.com/article/russian-crewmembers-released-from..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xviii U.S. European Command, <https://x.com/US_EUCOM/status/2008897287691399504>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xix UK provides support to U.S. seizure of Bella 1 accused of shadow fleet activities and Iran sanctions breaches, <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-provides-support-to-us-seizure-of-..., last accessed 30 Janurary 2026.

xx 美国欧洲司令部见：U.S. European Command, <https://x.com/US_EUCOM/status/2008897287691399504>, last accessed 30 January 2026；美国司法部长见：Attorney General Pamela Bondi, <https://x.com/AGPamBondi/status/2008965337157451806>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxi “索菲亚号”油轮被指参与伊朗石油运输。卫星图像显示，圭亚那籍“濮阳号”油轮（MT Puyang）从伊朗哈尔格岛装载190万桶伊朗原油，经过几轮转运，由“索菲亚号”油轮在2025年5月1日接收。详见：Inside the Ghost Armada Oil Trade that Led to the Seizure of M SOPHIA and OLINA, <https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/blog/inside-ghost-armada-oil-tr..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxii Marine Traffic与路透社报道均称该船的船旗国系巴拿马，但美国南方司令部发文指称此船系“无国籍船”。巴拿马海事局于1月8日发表声明称其于2025年1月已经取消“索菲亚号”油轮的船旗。路透社报道见：Exclusive: US seizes Venezuela-linked, Russian-flagged oil tanker after weeks-long pursuit, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-seizing-venezuela-linked-oil-..., last accessed 30 January 2026；

xxiii 在蓬塞被目击见：After vanishing from view, two US-seized Venezuela oil tankers reappear near Puerto Rico, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/after-vanishing-view-two-us-seize..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxiv Venezuela Updates: U.S. Forces Seize Two Tankers; Rubio Lays Out Plan for American Control, <https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/07/world/venezuela-us-trump>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxv “最终处置”见：Exclusive: US seizes Venezuela-linked, Russian-flagged oil tanker after weeks-long pursuit, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-seizing-venezuela-linked-oil-..., last accessed 30 January 2026；移交至委内瑞拉当局见：US handing over seized tanker to Venezuela, officials say, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-handing-over-seized-tanker-ven..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxvi U.S. Southern Command, <https://x.com/Southcom/status/2008905619424620879>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxvii 路透社消息人士于1月22日称，美国政府已经针对更多与委内瑞拉石油贸易有关的油轮申请搜查令，但预计仍需要几个月甚至若干年完成这一流程。详见：US files for warrants to seize dozens more Venezuela-linked oil tankers, sources say, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-files-warrants-seize-dozens-m..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

xxviii “奥利娜号”油轮此前名为“米纳瓦号”，由总部位于香港的Tantye Peur Limited公司所有。该船还因与一家总部位于香港、与俄罗斯存在关联的公司Sunne Co Ltd.相关。该公司受到美国拜登政府的制裁。详见：Marines, Coast Guard Seize Tanker Olina in Caribbean, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/09/marines-coast-guard-seize-tanker-olina-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxix 该船在被登临、扣押时悬挂东帝汶国旗，但美国当局的声明及公开报道称其为“无国籍”。目前，可以找到东帝汶当局于6月11日给该船颁布的临时注册证明，详见：Provisional Registry Certificate, <https://www.timorleste-registry.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/OLINA-PRO..., last accessed 30 January 2026；但这份证书的有效期为3个月，详见：Vessel Registration Process, <https://www.timorleste-registry.org/maritime/>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxx Marine Traffic提供的AIS信号位置图见：<https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:184037/mmsi:55..., last accessed 30 Janurary 2026.

xxxi “奥利娜号”油轮满载为89万桶原油见：US military forces seize fifth tanker in effort to control Venezuelan oil, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/09/us-venezuela-oil-tanker-se..., last accessed 30 January 2026；该船被扣时为满载见：CNA, <https://www.facebook.com/ChannelNewsAsia/posts/the-olina-had-left-venezu..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxii Secretary Kristi Noem, <https://x.com/Sec_Noem/status/2009628070047604976>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxiii Ibid.

xxxiv Marines, Coast Guard Seize Tanker Olina in Caribbean, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/09/marines-coast-guard-seize-tanker-olina-..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxv “维罗妮卡号”油轮此前曾名“伽利略号”，曾于2022年在俄罗斯注册，并隶属于涉足俄罗斯国防和金融服务领域的国有控股银行PSB的租赁子公司，而受到美国政府制裁。详见：U.S. Targeting Shadow Oil Fleets Using U.N. Law of the Sea Convention, Former Coast Guard JAGs Say, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/22/u-s-targeting-shadow-oil-fleets-using-u..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxvi After vanishing from view, two US-seized Venezuela oil tankers reappear near Puerto Rico, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/after-vanishing-view-two-us-seize..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxvii U.S. Seizes MT Veronica in Caribbean, Expanding Operation Southern Spear Against Venezuela’s Shadow Fleet, <https://gcaptain.com/u-s-seizes-mt-veronica-in-caribbean-expanding-opera..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xxxviii US Coast Guard Requests Pastoral Support for Shadow Fleet Tanker’s Crew, <https://maritime-executive.com/article/us-coast-guard-requests-pastoral-..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

xxxix “维罗妮卡号”油轮见：U.S. Southern Command, <https://x.com/Southcom/status/2011798070816612578>, last accessed 30 January 2026；“萨吉塔号”油轮见：U.S. Southern Command, <https://x.com/Southcom/status/2013718812424630376>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

xl U.S. Forces Seize Venezuela-linked Tanker Veronica, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/15/u-s-forces-seize-venezuela-linked-tanke..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xli “萨吉塔号”油轮曾名“安吉丽卡·舒尔特号”，它的所有者是曾因与俄罗斯存在业务往来而受到美国制裁的香港公司Sunne Co. Limited，与“奥利娜号”油轮存在关联。详见：U.S. Forces Seize Sanctioned Tanker in SOUTHCOM, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/20/u-s-forces-seize-sanctioned-tanker-in-s..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

xlii Marine Traffic显示该船的船旗国为利比里亚，但美国外国资产控制办公室的制裁名单显示该船系巴拿马籍。Marine Traffic见：<https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:7196440/mmsi:6..., last accessed 30 January 2026；OFAC制裁名单见：<https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=51710>, last accessed 30 January 2026.

 

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[12]US files for warrants to seize dozens more Venezuela-linked oil tankers, sources say, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-files-warrants-seize-dozens-m..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[13]Trump says US will keep or sell oil seized from Venezuela, <https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87lnn09yj8o>, last accessed 26 January 2026.

[14]U.S. Southern Command, <https://x.com/Southcom/status/2008905619424620879>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[15]2022年的美国扣船事件见：<https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-iran-bahamas-c0..., last accessed 25 January 2026; 2020年的美国扣船事件见：<https://www.npr.org/2020/08/14/902532689/u-s-seizes-iranian-fuel-from-4-..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[16]What is the US saying about Venezuela and the tanker seizures?, <https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwynjdqgellt>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[17]Pam Bondi, <https://x.com/AGPamBondi/status/2008965337157451806>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[18]释放“船长号”油轮船员的承诺见：Estados Unidos prevé liberar a la tripulación del buque petrolero incautado cerca de Venezuela, <https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/estados-unidos-preve-liberar-a-la-t..., last accessed 25 January 2026; 释放“贝拉1号”油轮俄籍船员的承诺见：Moscow says US freed two Russian crew members from seized oil tanker at its request, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/moscow-says-us-freed-two-russian-..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[19]“贝拉1号”俄籍船员截至1月24日仍未释放：US yet to release Russian crew members of Marinera oil tanker — senior diplomat, <https://tass.com/world/2076387>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[20]China says US seizure of ships 'serious violation' of international law, <https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-says-us-seizure-ships-serious-..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

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[22]US Coast Guard Requests Pastoral Support for Shadow Fleet Tanker’s Crew, <https://maritime-executive.com/article/us-coast-guard-requests-pastoral-..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[23]Trump says he doesn’t need international law amid aggressive US policies, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/trump-says-he-doesnt-need-intern..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[24]《联合国海洋法公约》，第110条。

[25]U.S. Targeting Shadow Oil Fleets Using U.N. Law of the Sea Convention, Former Coast Guard JAGs Say, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/22/u-s-targeting-shadow-oil-fleets-using-u..., last accessed 28 January 2026.

[26]Panama says it canceled flag of US-seized oil tanker a year ago, <https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/panama-says-it-canceled-flag-us-..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

[27]Panama says Venezuela-related tanker intercepted by US did not follow maritime rules, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-says-venezuela-related-tan..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

[28]Exclusive: US intercepts oil tanker off Venezuelan coast, officials say, <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-interdicting-sanctioned-vessel..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

[29]Alexander Proelss (eds.), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary, Verlag C. H. Beck Hart Nomos, 2017, p.770.

[30]Acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2332b>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[31]Providing material support or resources to designated foreign terrorist organizations, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2339B>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[32]Terrorist Designations of Cartel de los Soles, <https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/terror..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[33]Civil Forfeiture, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/981>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[34]Ibid.

[35]司法案例见：United States v. Marino-Garcia, <https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914c3e0add7b049347c9c24>, last accessed 29 January 2026；海事实践见：3.11.2: Jurisdiction to Enforce, Chapter 3: Protection of Persons and Property at Sea and Maritime Law Enforcement , The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, <https://stjececmsdusgva001.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/public/documents/..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

[36]Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=39692>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[37]“维罗妮卡号”油轮：Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=34942>, last accessed 25 January 2026；“奥利娜号”油轮：Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=51709>, last accessed 25 January 2026；“索菲亚号”油轮：Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=51707>, last accessed 25 January 2026；“贝拉1号”油轮：Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=49248>, last accessed 25 January 2026；“萨吉塔号”油轮：Sanctions List Search, <https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=51710>, last accessed 25 January 2026.

[38]《联合国宪章》，第41条。

[39]Para 110, Judgment, The M/V “Virginia G” Case (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau), <https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.19/judgmen..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

[40]Para 111, Judgment, The M/V “Virginia G” Case (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau), <https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.19/judgmen..., last accessed 30 January 2026; Para 82, Judgment, The M/V “Saiga” (No.2) Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), <https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_2/publishe..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

[41]《联合国海洋法公约》，第94(6)条。

[42]Yoshifumi Tanaka, The International Law of the Sea (Third Edition), CUP 2019, p 202.；亦见Para 11, Ships, Diverting and Ordering into Port, MPEIL, <https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-97801..., last accessed 29 January 2026. 该词条指出，各国均有权利（在公海上）根据《联合国海洋法公约》第110条合法地截停（stop）不受任何国家保护的船舶，即无国籍船。根据措辞与其引述的法律依据，该词条的观点实际并未认可各国享有在公海上扣押无国籍船的权利。

[43]Para 127, Judgment, The M/V “Saiga” (No.2) Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), <https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_2/publishe..., last accessed 30 January 2026.

[44]Article 18 Protection of ships’ crews, ILC Draft articles on Diplomatic Protection, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_8_20..., last accessed 29 January 2026.

[45]8 Killed in Strikes on 5 Suspected Narco Boats in SOUTHCOM, <https://news.usni.org/2026/01/01/8-killed-in-strikes-on-5-suspected-narc..., last accessed 25 January 2026; US military says 2 killed in eastern Pacific boat strike, with 1 survivor, <https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/23/politics/us-military-strikes-boat-pacific..., last accessed 25 January 2026.

[46]美军登临中国船舶可见：美中竞逐太平洋岛国基里巴斯与汤加为新据点，<https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-china-battle-for-the-south-pacific-kirib..., last accessed 25 January 2026；美军登临外国籍船舶并擅自处理船上货物可见：US forces stormed cargo ship travelling from China to Iran: Report, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/12/us-forces-stormed-cargo-ship-t..., last accessed 25 January 2026.